Distribution of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Cochabamba: Analysis of Reported Cases.

Análisis de casos notificados.

Abstract

Introduction: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, although less common than pulmonary tuberculosis, poses a clinical challenge due to its diagnostic variability and associated complications. This study, conducted in Cochabamba during 2024, analyzes the distribution and frequency of its anatomical locations. The results aim to support the strengthening of public policies and the optimization of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies tailored to the local context. Methodology: A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out to examine the anatomical distribution of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Cochabamba between January and October 2024. Confirmed cases diagnosed through clinical and microbiological methods were included, using data obtained from the Departmental Tuberculosis Control Program. The data were statistically analyzed, calculating absolute and relative frequencies, which were graphically represented to facilitate interpretation. Results: A total of 1,097 tuberculosis cases were reported, of which 193 (17.6%) corresponded to extrapulmonary forms. Pleural tuberculosis was the most prevalent (37.8%), followed by meningeal (12.4%) and osteoarticular (10.9%). Other locations included peritoneal (8.8%), lymph node (7.8%), and breast (4.7%), reflecting significant diversity in clinical manifestations. Discussion: The results confirm that extrapulmonary tuberculosis presents a heterogeneous anatomical distribution, with pleural, meningeal, and osteoarticular forms being the most common. These findings align with previous studies and emphasize the importance of identifying anatomical locations to improve diagnosis and treatment. Strengthening diagnostic and reporting systems, as well as conducting prospective and multicenter studies, is recommended to expand knowledge of this condition.